Sunday, March 31, 2019

The Issue Of Domestic Violence In Malaysia Social Work Essay

The Issue Of municipal Violence In Malaysia friendly Work Essay internal effect is acknowledged as a signifi merchantmant issue within Malaysia. Historically, women non-government organizations (NGOs) have made hysteria against women a visible issue and have laws and protection services for victims of gender madness. In the year of 1994, the domesticated Violence Act was finally passed by Parliament, do Malaysia the first Asian and Muslim country to adopt such legislation. government activity and Womens groups have make hard afford in raising cognizance around the issues of nationalated violence due to Malaysia has a high level of physical abuse of women by husbands and boyfriends. The 1992 WAO/SRM (Womens Aid Organisation and Survey look into Malaysia) survey revealed that 39 percent of women have experiencing battering. In the year of 1995, thither were 1409 police reports of domestic help violence. 1n 1997, the first full year of the implementation of the domestic V iolence Act, increase to 5477 reports, representing a 388 percent increase. To sum up, the statistics of domestic violence cases are increasing year by year according to the statistics on marital violence cases of the Department of Social Welfare of the Ministry of National agreement and Social Development (Department of Social Welfare, 1999-2009).Except the studies on the number of cases report for domestic violence, on that point has overly been a small body of seek conducted in order to recognise the consequential costs to governments in responding to the consequences of such violence. Studies of the prevalence of violence against women indicate that violence is an issue that permeates every inlet of society, is widespread and costly. The costs that legislate on domestic violence can be found in Justice, Health, Social Services, Education, Business Costs, Personal or Household Costs. Consequently, the costs of violence against women drain resources from m each sectors inclu ding private businesses and agencies, the government, residential celestial sphere groups and individuals. In brief, for the long run, violence against women will impede economic and companionable development in Malaysia.Majority of the re try on domestic violence tend to place the attention on its causes and consequences as well as short crisis intervention such as provision of accommodation, wellbeing supporter and other emergency support and advocacy services. However, less attention has been disposed to the long-term mend of loose partner violence on buffet womens public life development and the role of career counselling interventions in empowering battered women to become economically independent. Therefore, this paper aim at exploring a more than comprehensive and extended framework by which the focus is given to the splendour of long-term planning in areas such as job search and career development. Thus, rather than continues to concentrating on immediate need s, focusing on the area of career development will reduce the overall expenditure spend by the government or society and also provide an prospect for the victims of domestic violence for long-term independence as more pile enter the workforce. According to the Womens Aid Organization annual report, there is a need for a more long-term approach to the issue of domestic violence in Malaysia.Since the topic of this paper is to discuss about the domestic violence and career development in Malaysia, thus, firstly, the author will examines the impact of domestic violence on career development. Second, it places the issue of career restraint encounter by battered women, and third it explores the work of Bandura (1989) and Gianakos (1999) to understand career orientation. Finally, by drawing on these concepts builds a framework which provides a piece of land for domestic violence victims to attain sustainable employment and independence.The Impact of Domestic Violence on Womens Career D evelopmentThe impact of domestic violence on womens career development can be devastating. The constant calumny associated with emotional abuse destroys womens beliefs in their competence and worth. Physical states and injuries resulting from physical and intimate abuse limit womens ability to go to work, complete job tasks, and cast aside in their job positions (CDC, 2003 Chronister McWhirter, in press). Battered women also may be isolated and as a result, have fewer opportunities to engage in positive learning experiences, observe role models, and build support networks. These factors, considered from a social cognitive career theory (SCCT) perspective (Lent, Brown, Hackett, 1994), severely trammel battered womens range of career interests, formulation of career goals, and persistence toward those goals. beggary and employment have been at the forefront of economic and social form _or_ system of government debate in Australia for the last three decades (Saunders 2006). Dome stic violence victims non but suffer from a range of physical and kind health problems, but are more likely to have been unemployed in the past and also have higher levels of job turnover (Lloyd and Taluc 1999 Costello et al. 2005). just about work in the USA suggests that women who had experienced aggression from male partners had only one third the odds of maintaining employment for at least 30 hours per week over a six month period (Browne et al. 1999). patch some abusers simply prohibit their female partners from working, others take measures to undermine any attempts at employment such as denying them transportation, tearing up clothing, whipstitching them before job interviews and generally demoralising the partner to such an finis that work becomes impossible (Brandwein 1998 Lloyd and Taluc 1999). Such women then have more fitful work histories, are less likely to seek or strive promotion and often operate in funky paid/low skilled work (Costello, Chung and Carson 2005 Lloyd and Taluc 1999).In the Australian context unemployment or joblessness as it is now known continues to be the perennial cause of poverty (Saunders 2006). However, there is a lack of Australian research on the links of domestic violence and employment, but what limited work there is has found that culture and employment transition services were considered a low priority even out though the financial, social and emotional benefits of such interventions were considered significant (Costello et al. 2005, 257). This is very distinguishable from Britain and Ireland where the issue of poverty and joblessness has been addressed in a comprehensive path with the setting of anti-poverty targets and long-term solutions (ACOSS 2004).Domestic violence, no matter whether it be physical, emotional, verbal, economic or social, leads to lower self-esteem and self worth, social isolation, poverty and welfare dependency and poor health for the women and children who are subjected to such abuse (Partnerships Against Domestic Violence 2001, 7 Tolman and Wang 2005, 148). They find they are unable to set short-term goals, have limited information through their social and economic isolation and exist in a climate of fear and these become barriers to desire full employment and becoming financially independent (Trent and Margulies 2007).Domestic violence, also known as domestic abuse, spousal abuse or intimate partner violence (IPV), can be broadly defined as a pattern of abusive behaviors by one or both partners in an intimate relationship such as marriage, dating, family, friends or cohabitation.1 Domestic violence has many forms including physical aggression (hitting, kicking, biting, shoving, restraining, slapping, throwing objects), or threats thereof sexual abuse emotional abuse controlling or domineering determent stalking passive/covert abuse (e.g., neglect) and economic deprivation.1 Alcohol consumption2 and mental illnessHYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D omestic_violencecite_note-dutton1994-23 can be co-morbid with abuse, and present additional challenges when present alongside patterns of abuse.

Saturday, March 30, 2019

A study on Fraud prevention and Detection

A study on pasquinade measure and catchingThe aim of this writing is to present how histrion is defined today, why player clogion and detective work is global concern and introduce chief(prenominal) federal agency of detecting and preventing skulker.It so-and-so be try outn that malingerer tin range from flyspeck employee theft, fruitless behaviour, embezzlement of attach tos assets and dishonorable monetary coverage. This harming of moveions can remove sanitary adverse effect on comp eachs market value, reputation and it slashs partys power to accomplish its strategic objectives, and so forth Lately, m some(prenominal) cases that found themselves in limelight of earthly concern attention, much(prenominal) as Enron and WorldCom, sensitized e rattlingones aw arness ab go forth the effect of put-onulent and deceptive reporting. Therefore, large egress of companies started to be more than proactive in victorious serious measures to prevent and detect it s occurrence.The jeopardy of skulker can be minimized through effective combination of prevention, deterrence and spying measures. As it get out be described in more head in the rest of this paper, fake can be very serious to detect. As substance of staining ar becoming more sophisticated, so do the ways of committing lampoon. For this very antecedent every comp each should potently emphasise pretender prevention, which can definitely reduce chances for ascertainoff to bring forth broadcast, and thespian catching, which can create atmosphere at lend that cunning depart be detected and committers forget be punished. Moreover, costs for ruse prevention atomic number 18 less expensive than the time and money indispensable for ruse detecting and investigation.DefinitionDefining juke can be harder than it seems. It is a term that can be heard very a good pack in everyday life. Though, what is meant by player in moving in arna can be somewhat different. Finding consistent meaning and minute definition of skulker is crucial for chthonianstanding it. For this reason a a couple of(prenominal) legal definitions of what is considered by dupery will be presented.In UK stratagem is defined in Fraud exemplify form 2006. In informative nones to Fraud Act 2006, Chapter 35 it can be seen that there ar several ways faker can be committed, such(prenominal) asby treasonably representation (person must(prenominal) make dishonest and false representation with clear intention to gain or cause freeing to red-hot(prenominal) party),by failing to soften discipline (failing to disclose an authorised information to an another(prenominal) person to which you corroborate legal duty to disclose it, is considered as imposter),by abuse of position (abusing privileged position, where by right of this position a person is evaluate to protect anothers financial enkindleness and do not act against those intersperses),by gaining or los ing property dishonestly (whether material or intellectual), possession of items for use in pseud, making or supp cunning articles for use in fraud (for mannikin manufacturing machines for false money making),by participating in double-dealing business carried out on by sole trader ( double-dealing trading for under(a) the companies legislation),by taking part in dishonorable business carried on by a caller-out, obtaining service dishonestly (for example by avoiding payment)and indebtedness of caller officers for offences by company (if a person has specific unified theatrical role for which is responsible, it ordinarily applies to directors, managers, etc).In USA there are numerous state and federal laws which are regulating fraud in number of areas, such as consumer fraud, insurance fraud, corporate fraud, etc. Summary of what is by and large perceived as fraud leads one to conclude that there are some similarities with fraud definition in UK by Fraud Act 2006. In both cases there must be purposive mis run acrossing of facts made by one, fully aware(predicate) party in severalise to cause injury or ill-treat (material, intellectual, etc.) to other party. Fraud of failing to disclose information in U.S. is interpreted as omission or purposive failure to state material facts, which nondisclosure makes other teaching delusory (www.uslegal.com)Moreover, in Canada fraud is classified as criminal offence. In Canadas Criminal Code, Article 380 (1) and 380 (2) it is stated clearly that fraud is considered to be any fraudulent behaviour designed to manipulate other party, so as this party will give something of value to him/her by means oflyingpurposively misleading the second party although fully aware of falseness of that acthiding a fact from the other part which may nominate prevented the party to suffer any kind of loss or damage. Additionally, every one who, by deceit, falsehood or other fraudulent means, whether or not it is a false pretence within the meaning of this Act, defrauds the state-supported or any person, whether ascertained or not, of any property, money or valuable security or any service (or) with intent to defraud, affects the mankind market price of stocks, shares, merc debateise or anything that is offered for sale to the overt Canadas Criminal Code, Article 380 (1).Contemporary researchers (Weirich and Reinstein, 2000 Albrecht et al., 1994, 1995) define fraud as experienceable deception, stealing and cheating investors, creditors, public, government bodies, etc. Statement on scrutiniseing Standards (SAS) no(prenominal) 82 identifies two separate fraud typesFraudulent financial reporting or care fraud (managers try to report inflated profit, overstates assets and revenues or understate expenses and liabilities with intention to modify financial statements) andMisappropriation of assets or employee fraud (employees steal money or other companies belongings).This statement excessively points ou t different fraud schemes such as employee embezzlement, focal point fraud, investment scams, trafficker fraud, customer fraud, and miscellaneous fraud.However, it can be concluded that though these countries have similar definitions of what fraudulent activities are considered to be, there are substantial differences. Businesses ope rational in different countries, especially multinational companies, must be aware of these differences, acts and statements as they are the one in greatest danger twinge from not thoroughly knowing them.Causes associated with unmarrieds committing fraud Fraud Triangle originally explaining main methods and bodies within company responsible for prevention and detection of fraud, mental factors that might influence the behaviour of fraud committers must be mentioned.It is arouseed (Moyes and Hasan, 1996 Hernan, 2008) that the better way of fraud prevention is guessing what main drivers of fraud are. The collar quest drivers are about(predic ate) commonly known as fraud triangle.Need there are numerous types of financial force, gambling habits or maybe unreasonably sparevagantly expectations of high returns that create enough rack for circumspection to commit financial statement fraud. Some warning signs of pressure in ecesis and among employees could be discovered by cozy view questionnaires, interview with managers, surveys or communication with employees.Opportunity people often see opportunity to commit fraud when intragroup throw system in judicature is weak. sexual visited accountors and managers should from time to time test the intensity aim of conglomerate types of control in ordinance to reduce opportunities for fraud.Justification the third fragment of fraud triangle is rationalization for fraudulent activity. There are a smoke of different explanations and thoifications of fraudulent activity. Some fraudsters concludes that they did not get a deserved promotion and want to make thi ngs right on their own. otherwises did not get deserved bonuses at the yearend or they rationalize their act as just borrowing from the company. The attempt is higher in companies with poor attention structure and unclear bonus system. Hernan (2008) suggests evaluation of steering competences, objectivity and hydrofoil in order to learn and spot on time fraud risks.If attention, intragroup control or any other entity in a company, which duty is fraud prevention and detection, is aware of these factors, hence that entity will sure be more effective in developing mechanisms of fraud detection and punishmentThe Cost of FraudBefore any prevention and detection method or entity within a company is discussed the cost of fraud must be explained as only then when we realise how spoiled damage fraud can cause, we are able to truly understand significance of inhering controls, study military commission, way, inwrought auditors, independent auditors and certified fraud examine rs.Fraud is a global problem affecting organizations of all types and sizes. harmonise to the Association of Certified fraud examiners (ACFE) estimates that US companies loose approximately 5% of their annual revenues to fraud. Majority of frauds are detected by tips or accidently. The virtually frequently type of fraud areasset misappropriation (91,5% of describe frauds),corruption accounts for 30,8% andfinancial statements fraud accounts for 10,6% ,with median loss estimated at 2 million dollars.Most recent large fraudulent schemes were Enron (63 billion dollars in assets) and WorldCom (107 billion dollars in assets) were investors lose billions of dollars.According to Adams et al. (2006), the greatest financial doctor of fraud is in small blottos and businesses. The loss of 7% of revenues (estimated by ACFE) is excessively significant for large companies plainly small companies will probably be out of business because of it. On the other hand, when fraud occurs companies c ould suffer from damage of brand and reputation. Stakeholders could see that as an early warning sign. Big bills caused by fraud are al just about never paid by committers, but unfortunately, by innocent parties such as consumers, insurance companies etc. This just amplifies opening statement how important job of bodies in charge of fraud detection and prevention is.Fraud prevention and detectionMany authors (Mclnnes and Stevenson 1997, Adams et al 2006, Hernan 2008, Grambling et al 2009) suggests that prevention of fraud is the most cost-effective way to deal with feasible financial and reputation loss.For all of the reasons mentioned in previous sections of this work it is crucial for every company to develop mechanism for effective detection and prevention of fraud.Statement on Auditing Standards No. 99 by AICPA (2002) suggest that there should be a body within a company with appropriate overight function. Oversight function can take many forms such as audit charge, board of di rectors etc. Measures this entities can implement are divided into three categoriescreate atmosphere of cartwheel and high moral philosophyevaluate the risks of fraud and implement adequate processes, procedures, and controls necessary to reduce the risks and the opportunities for frauddevelop an appropriate forethought processThe pivotal role in the process has the companies CEO. Although the focusing is responsible for implementing these activities, without CEOs support, this process is bidly to be successful. In the care process specific companys entity has specific role in preventing and detecting fraud. The most important entities will now be discussed and their role will be explained.Culture of honesty and high ethics each organization should posses a set of core values and nurture culture of honesty and high ethics. This set of values is often involved in companys compute of draw which has aim to guide employees in everyday activities (often include topics like ethics , confidentiality, conflicts of interests etc.). counsel must show to employees through their actions that dishonest or un ethical behaviour will not be tolerated. It is also important for heed to createa positive workplace environment. For example, if employees work in grim work environment, the chances of committing fraud against a company are greaterTo train and promote appropriate employeesProvide training to new employees and introduce them with law of conductRequire from employees to annually sign grave of conduct and to spare about possible breaking of code of conductIf fraud occurs in organization, the appropriate gaits should be taken to examine all aspects of fraud and to improve dwelling inborn controlsImplement and Monitor Appropriate privileged ControlsAs mentioned before in work, people often see opportunity to commit fraud when internal control system in organization is weak. That is the main reason why organization should be put more effort to minimize fr aud opportunities.According to AICPA (2002) some risks are constitutional within the environment of the company, but large number of them can be most can be discovered with a proper internal control system. One process for assessment of fraud risk takes place the company can recognize controls, processes and other procedures that are crucial for simplification identified risks.Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO) report of the Treadway Commission states that effective internal control should includea well-developed control environmentan effective and secure information system,appropriate control and monitoring activities.Information technology plays pivotal role in operations and transactions over information generated by computers. For this reason management contend to implement and sustain proper controls (automated or manual). Especially, management is obliged to assess whether internal controls have been implemented in those areas where high risk of fraud exists and in entities where financial reports are processed. Reporting of fraudulent activities can be going on temporary basis, hence management should evaluate internal controls responsible for short term financial reporting.The launch for fraud prevention in 2007 mentioned that upper level management is usually involved in fraudulent financial reporting by rule internal controls involved in controlling the processthat fraudulent financial reporting by upper-level management typically involves override of internal controls within the financial reporting process. Because management has the ability to override controls the need for a strong value system and a culture of ethical financial reporting snuff its more important. This helps create an environment in which other employees will decline to participate in committing a fraud and will use passed communication procedures to report any requests to commit wrongdoing. The authority for management override also increases the need for appropr iate supervising measures by the board of directors or audit committee which will be discussed in the following section.Fraudulent financial reporting by lower levels of management and employees may be detected by appropriate monitoring controls, such as having higher-level managers review and evaluate the financial results account by individual operating units or subsidiaries. Unusual fluctuations in results or the lack of expected fluctuations may indicate potential usance by some discussion section managers or employees.DEVELOP AN APPROPRIATE OVERSIGHT PROCESSAfter effectuation of code of conduct, core values and internal control process into organization, management should also develop an appropriate oversight process to overlook internal controls and reduce as much as possible risk of fraud. The oversight process contains management, internal auditors, audit committee, independent auditors and certified fraud examiners.Audit Committee or Board of DirectorsGramling et al. ( 2009) in his work plead that audit committee is critical fixings of internal controls and have important stewardship duty to shareholders. Also he cited former SEC chairman Arthur Levitt who described audit committee as one of the most reliable guardians of the public interest ( Gramling et al.,2009,p.24).According to research taken by Cohen et al.(2009), audit committee effectiveness has been improved since Sarbanes-Oxley act of 2002. From auditors perspective, audit committee has enough expertise to learn main risks and oversee internal controls. It is crucial that audit committee members be independent of management to provide oversight and comply with regulations. This could be a problem especially in smaller companies. Also smaller companies liner with another problem- How to find and recruit choice and qualified members for audit committee.AICPA(2005) suggested to audit committee to consider periodical meetings with representatives from each of the above mentioned group s (internal auditors,external auditors etc.) to discuss any matter could affect the financial reporting process and increase the risk of fraud.The main duties of audit committee should be to evaluate managements identification of fraud risks and implementation of antifraud measures. Audit committee can by active oversight support management in implementation of appropriate fraud prevention measures. The final aim is better protection of all stakeholders.The Report of the NACD regretful Ribbon Commission on the Audit Committee (2000) emphasized the wideness of role which audit committee plays in helping the board of directors in oversight duties, with regard to companys financial reporting processes and internal control systems.When taking the oversight business, the audit committee must take care not to override managements control responsibilities. Therefore, they should have a good communication with internal and external auditors and may consider to review from time to time fi rms reported information with forecasted ones and industry averages as well. In add-on to this SAS 60 in AICPA (2002) argues that communication with external auditors could improve strength of the firms internal control and give higher potential to deal with fraudulent financial reporting10 See Statement on Auditing Standards No. 60, intercourse of Internal Control Related Matters Noted in an Audit (AICPA, maestro Standards, vol. 1, AU sec. 325), and SAS No. 61, Communications With Audit Committees (AICPA, Professional Standards, vol. 1, AU sec. 380), as amended.Audit committee, as part of their oversight duties, should try to motivate management to encourage all employees to report everything that looks like unethical behaviour, fraud, or any violations of the code of conduct. The committee should then receive periodic reports from management and employees, describing the disposition of any possible unethical behaviour.Report of the NACD Best Practices Council (1998) suggests th at if senior management is involved in fraud (according to Deloitte survey 2008, which is the case in 68 per cent of all financial statement fraud), next management level is very likely to be cognizant of it. Hence, it would be recommended that audit committee has an open communication with one or two levels of management under senior executives. In this way they could take part in fraud identification at the top positions of the organization.Usually, the audit committee has the power to check into all suspicious activities that catch their attention and within the realm of their responsibilities. They could also benefit from assistance of accounting and professional advisors. All committee members must be educated about finances and have at to the lowest degree one expert in that field.ManagementMclnnes and Stevenson (1997) argue that according to statements in SAS 110 management is responsible for the prevention and detection of fraud. Also Cadbury committee (1992) requires from directors to report on effectiveness of a companys internal control system. On the other hand, Kranacher and Stern- Cpa journal argue that despite the responsibility for preventing fraud lies on management of company, auditors should be also prepared to detect fraud. Authors sustain their statement with presentation of SAS 99-Consideration of fraud in financial statements, which set new fraud standards for auditors. It requires from auditors to discuss with management about possible frauds in organization and to be aware of risk that fraud may occur and be material for financial statements.The main concerns about fraud prevention could be info presented from The institute for fraud prevention in 2007 that executive directors (CEO and CFO) could denounce auditors and audit committee by providing false information. Their analysis further indicates that in 21% of the financial statements fraud cases, external auditors were named as participants. Also in 40% of companies where fraud took place, board members were participants. This can be significant blockage in effective fraud detection.Similar evidences could be seen from Deloittes survey taken in 2008 about financial statement fraud. CEO, CFO and controller of the company were involved in 68% of individuals who committed financial statement fraud. Other members of management were involved in 24% of all financial statement fraud. That survey can give us a lot of interesting data about financial statement fraud. For example, most common fraud schemes are revenue recognition (38%, especially recording of fictitious revenue), manipulation of expenses (12%) , improper disclosures (12%) and manipulation of liabilities and assets etc. The financial fraud schemes are most common in industries like telecommunications, technology, media and entertainment. The average duration of fraud schemes has been sevensome years in 2008 and has increasing trend.Responsibility of management is to supervise the employees activit ies. They typically do that by implementing and montiroing all control means previously mentioned. Management is also able to commence, take part in, or direct means against fraudulent acts. Audit committee is responsible (if there is no audit committee the board of directors is in charge) to supervise activities of senior managers and think about risks that fraudulent financial reporting brings.Mclnnes and Stevenson (1997) in their work conclude that although worldwide public perceive external auditors as strongest defensive against corporate fraud that is not their primary objective. Board of directors have a duty to safety the assets of their companies and to report on the effectiveness of their companies internal control system (section 404 of SOX).The most effective way of implementation of measure for reducing wrongdoing is to establish them on a range of core values that could be embraced by the company. These values consist of important key principles that have the potenti al to guide all employees actions. Then this values could be taken a step further and a platform for detailed code of conduct could be forms. Companys code should entail specific descriptions about what is permitted and what is prohibited. At the end management must be clear in stating that all employees will be hold accountable in the companys code of conduct.Also Mclnnes and Stevenson (1997) argue that board of directors are responsible for prevention and detection of fraudulent activities by others in the company, but on the other hand it is not clear who has a legal responsibility for preventing and detecting fraudulent activities by directors.Internal AuditorsOrganized audit team can very effectively be involved in many aspects of oversight control. Their familiarity with how entity operates can help them identify indicators of fraud. The Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing (IIA Standards), issued by the give of Internal Auditors, state The internal au ditor should have sufficient familiarity to identify the indicators of fraud but is not expected to have the expertise of a person whose primary responsibility is detecting and investigating fraud. Internal auditors are in position to asses fraud risks and control, and suggest actions for risk minimisation and control improvement.Some standards, such as IIA Standards, even require from internal auditors to perform assessment of possible companys risk. These assessments of risk then provide starting point for audit plans and internal control tests are based on them. Additionally, the same standard demands that all audit plans are presented and permitted by the audit company (where audit committee does not exist this should be presented to board of directors). Furthermore, audit plans provide guarantee for affirmation of managements control.Internal audit can have two roles detection and deterrence. Internal auditors are included in fraud deterrence by analysing and evaluating the a ppropriateness and efficiency of internal control systems, though Hillison et al (1999) states that it is responsibility of management.In executing this responsibility, internal auditors should evaluate the control environment identify control weaknesses have strong communication with managementHillison et al (1999) argue that internal auditors should pay attention on cash transactions as well as on other non-balance sheet assets. The following travel should be taken change magnitude use of analytical review (because ratio analysis and trend analysis sometimes could show us different relations with other accounts, especially when we have several years data to analyse and compareCohen et al.(2009) stated that reliance on internal auditors has increased in the post-SOX period, mainly because of section 404.Internal auditors could use a lot of techniques (analythical or other procedures) to prevent and detect fraudulent behaviour in organization. They could search for particular typ es of fraud or they could check high-risk accounts for frauds. Every suspicion of fraud or management involment should be directly reported to the audit committee.Independent Auditors and existing audit approach to prevent fraudExternal auditors have a significant role in oversight process. They should provide information to management and audit committee about possible risks. In order to have full benefit from external auditors, management should have open communication with them.Glover and Aono (1995) in their work presented basic audit-risk mildew which consists of three elements inherent risk, control risk and detection risk. They stressed that auditors should understand clients internal control system because they should determine how much they can rely on accounting information generated from clients financial reporting system.On the other hand, McKee and Norway (2006) argue that auditors become too predictable in their audits and that fraudsters could anticipate their actio ns. Moreover, the public and stakeholders expects from auditors to do better job at fraud prevention (that is the main reason of existence of audit expectation gap). Audit plans should incorporate an element of unpredictability according to SAS 99 and ISA 240 in order to decrease fraud risk.The main benefits of unpredictable auditors approach according to authors would be increasing chances of fraud discovery (more effective audit), deterrence of fraud will be also increased (because of reduced opportunity to commit fraud) and audit will become more enjoyable. On the other hand, this will have impact on costs associated with unpredictable audit approach extra planning time, extra time to perform necessary procedures and additional training time. Also, authors suggested a following procedures for unpredictable audit approach random sampling, unannounced inventory observation, changing techniques from prior years, test some small and low risk accounts etc.Certified Fraud ExaminersCer tified fraud examiners as professionals could have the important role in oversight process. They have a lot of familiarity and experience in fraud detection and prevention and could use their companionship to assist the audit committee and internal auditors. As professionals from outside the company they can give more objective opinion about internal control system. Also, they can evaluate possible risks of fraud ( especially fraud committed by top management) and implement appropriate measures in order to minimize it.fraud.5 5 Association of Certified Fraud Examiners, 2006 Report to the ground on Occupational Fraud and Abuse (Austin, TXACFE, 2004), p. 18Ernst Young world-wide Fraud Group, Fraud the Unmanaged Risk An International Survey of the Effects of Fraud on Business (London, UK Ernst Young, 1998), p. 2.To conclude, despite management have responsibility to conduct adequate fraud risk assessment, audit committee should overlook quality of the financial reporting process. According to Silver et al. (2008), audit committee should not only apply traditional fraud risk assessment (like separationism of duties), but to consider and incorporate proactive approach. In order to be good in their stewardship role they should improve their accounting and fraud knowledge , search for collusive fraud and obtain feedback.ConclusionSome organizations have significantly lower levels of misappropriation of assets and are less susceptible to fraudulent financial reporting than other organizations because these organizations take proactive steps to prevent or deter fraud. It is only those organizations that seriously consider fraud risks and take proactive steps to create the right kind of climate to reduce its occurrence that have success in preventing fraud.It was also found that organisations with strong internal controls, internalauditors and audit committees were better equipped to deal with fraud in any form according to Alleyne and Howard(2005)

International human resource management due to globalization

worldwide human resource way delinquent to globoseizationAs the sphericalisation trend advanced, IHRM (Inter internal Human Resource Management) plays a critical role in helping companies evaluate the human resource skills /capabilities and possibilities gnarled in wretched to different shares of the world (Luthans, Marsnik and Luthans,1997).The HR (Human Resource) function is to help manage the validations volume as effective as possible based on the memorial tablet line of reasoning fair games for competitive proceeds (Porter, 1990).To be successful in the global marketplace, a posit for global mindset is the key source for long- depot competitive favour. The current HR issues go about by PC is illustrated in concomitant A.The HR commission in PC HQ did non consult the local anesthetic anaesthetic HR representative information on local grow, study aspects, safety, customs and traditions in order to op chronological sequencete in accordance with a local co mpanys procedures which is the root cause of the HR dilemma faced by PC.Looking at the current HR issues that PC is facing, the complexities of operating(a) in different countries and employing people of different nationalities argon challenges arising from the externalisticisation of air. withal the challenge PC requires to undertake its HR strategies, policies, practices to global take for multinational ventures (Scullion Linehan, 2005).Company character, craft outline and physical compositional structure are important elements in policy choice for the Flexibility and HRM strategies (Delery and Doty, 1996 Tsui et al., 1995 Mayne et al., 1996 Doorewaard and Meihuizen, 2000). correspond to Philip Condit (Financial Times 1997), as the era move towards globalisation, it is advantageous global companies, workforce, centering transform into a global enterprise.A standardized approach to IHRM may put an scheme to discriminate because cultural differences are ignored rather than built upon. (Adler,1991).Competing demands of global integrating and local differentiation are important elements which give rise the requisite to take human resources as a source of competitive advantage (Caligiuri and Stroh,1995Schuler et al.,1993Taylor et al.,1996).PC required adopting a geocentric approach to IHRM integration to rest period between the conflicting priorities of global integration and local responsiveness (Caligiuri and Stroh (1995). orb research confirmed that selected cultural differences strongly influence important shipway in which people think about leaders and norms.According to Spence Hayden (1990), the near critical HRM issue for going world(prenominal) is to select and train local managers (see Appendix B) as people is the main source for competitive advantage in international business.It is critical that PC centre on the initial seven points of the HRM issues listed in Appendix B to enhance its current HR issues in Germany, France and Ind ia for the business expansion. The overall twelve HRM issues are for PC to bind for its going international plan to other Asia countries to micturate long term business success.The key challenge for PC is to working capitalise on the salmagundi of global workforce without suppressing each other nations desire to maintain their avouch cultural heritage.Although it is tough, PC have to build, maintain and develop its corporate identity operator by managing its people on a worldwide basis, local responsiveness by adapting and conforming to the norms and customs of different societies in which PC fail (Laurent, 1986). This result enhance worldwide competitiveness, innovation combined with achievement, self-consistent across MNE units (Bartlett and Ghoshal, 1989).According to Schuler and Florkowski (1994), for avow purpose, flexible HRM policies and practices at the local level essential be balanced with the requirement of MNE to maintain its global set of IHRM policies.Deeper Analysis-HRM issuesa) dressing and DevelopmentAs noted in PC case, there is no formal train to consultants after recruited. trouble to train employees keister imply the values, beliefs, and self-reliances shared by employees to the organisational culture (Bunch, 2007, p. 157). Au and Chong (1993) conclude that failing to bear organisational culture in knowledge programmes might lead to total trouble in building a successful organisation.Listed below are the ship kindleal to determine employees taining needsIn todays highly competitive global business environment, human resources play an important role in developing and sustaining organisation competitive advantage (Brewster, 2002).IHRM has enforced third estate methods of acquisition of familiarity d unmatched hiring and training, distribution of knowledge via training and development, and utilization of knowledge via performance management in an organisation.Training Assessment is used to determine if and what type o f training is necessary to acquire skills, knowledge, and improvement in order to perform head for the organisation growth and success. (see Appendix C -General Systems Model of Training and Development). get across cultural training is also critical for international assignments, for managers to be acculturated to other societies value, norms and behaviour.Training is also recognised as an important means for assimilation (Child, 1984 De Meyer, 1991 Derr and Oddou, 1993 Ondrack, 1985). Orientation is where saucy employee learns the organisational goals, corporate culture, job and to develop realistic expectations. evening gown training on the other hand promotes shared values and facilitates intercommunicate building between headquarters and subsidiaries.Only successful organisation (example Accenture) will believe/continue to train, develop their employees in order to adapt to the regular change in the dynamic working environment as new technologies develop and emergence of global assignments. (see Appendix D Diagnostic locomote in Development Programmes)According to Bramley, 2003, extensive training, teaching and development are important. Learning organisations (example Xerox, General Electric) have applied three stages of learning perspective.PC needs to ensure that outstanding talent remain at the school principal of its field in terms of professional expertise and product knowledge gained through training which facilitates learning so that employees support force much effective in carrying out their task.It is essential as people, technology, jobs, and organisations are ceaselessly evolving. Technology is advancing at a staggering pace. Therefore, it is vital that employees be trained and true to utilise the latest technology so as to attain the highest levels of productivity.b) International ManagersAs International business continues to grow intensely, PC must understand the need for highly qualified international managers, a crucial f actor in utiliseing global strategies for business success (Gregersen, Morrison, Black, 1998). general International managers need to have effective cross cultural communication, non-judgemental capability, flexibility, empathy (Berrell et al.200292).ExpatriatesA successful expatriate manager must have sound knowledge of technical, functional, cultural, social, and political skills (Bartlett, 1986 Bartlett Ghoshal, 1994 Ghoshal Barlett,1997).The most common factors that determine the expatriates success or failure is illustrated in Appendix E. Expatriate managers that possess an acculturation characteristic will be able to adapt/adopt themselves to any voice for international assignment.The key point for international change over is to initiate, expand and control international operations to ensure various organisational units strive towards achieving organisation common goals which is linked to HQ control aspects. (Edstrm and Galbraith,1977). Appendix F depict why transfer o f international managers happen.According to Roessel (1988), the benefits of various functions of international transfers can enhance internationalisation of the MNE, which make it more than sustainable in international market.InpatriatesThe value of managers with unique local market knowledge can develop a dynamic capability for global assignments. In this manner, inpatriate manager is another(prenominal) option envisioned to build managerial talents which organisations can develop clear competitive advantage in the market they entered.The inpatriation process is positively link to the global HRM for organisations development of organisational capabilities quality, low- approach operations, speed learning, innovation and customer focus (Lawler, 1996 Urlich Lake, 1990).The criteria and characteristic of the right candidate for inpatriate managers are similar to the expatriate factors which illustrated in Appendix D.Although HQ prefers the expatriate managers contribution in mult icultural management on the stabilisation control aspect for competitive advantage (Dadfer Gustavsson, 1992 Granstrand, Hakanson, Sjolander, 1993), inpatriate managers do play an important part in the bridging role between HQ and the emerging market that the organisation wish to penetrate (Harvey et al., 1999b,c,d).Inpatriate managers, as substitutes and complements of expatriates, can provide accurate advice on adaptation of technical dimensions of HR processes (recruitment criteria, compensation, appraisals, training and development of host country nationals).Inpatriate managers also act as a mentor to calibre managers from host country nations to insure a succession plan when new inpatriate managers are moved into the home country organisation.If PC would to consider inpatriate manager option, it has undertaken the step in developing a multicultural strategic leadership capability, developing a global learning organisation to get by effectively in a globalised world (Aguirre, 1997 Hofstede, 1980, 1984 McBride, 1992 McMillen, Baker, White, 1997 Nemetz Christensen, 1996 Reynolds, 1997).Statement to the wag of Paine Co (PC) Core Components of HR StrategyIHRM policies and practices are influenced by the organisations structure, strategy, its institutional and cultural environments (Ngo et al., 1998 Schuler and Rogovsky, 1998 Schuler et al., 2002 dunnock et al., 2004).For management consulting multinationals, definition of HRM policies at international level should be followed by a more standardised local implementation (Boxall and Steeneveld (1999).At the similar eon, applying the right kind of policies and practices was a condition of on-going viability, the success to implement HR policies and practices synergistically constitute the basis for competitive advantage.IT consultancy firm, standardized PC depends highly on qualified and specialised professionals to offer run based on their creativity and intellectual work. This profession requires ve rsatility, adaptability and constant learning due to its ever evolving job nature (Starbuck, 1992 Ram, 1999 Karreman, 2002).In this case, PC should encounter at the need for highly qualified multicultural workforce as a means to build managerial talents, develop organisations competitiveness in the market it enter. Furthermore, global competition has caused organisations to be more conscious of cost and productivity.Therefore, HRM strategies must reflect clearly the organisations strategy people, profit and overall potential in managing an increasing diverse workforce to compete in an progressively complex, competitive world. (see Appendix G -Important Factors /Requirement in HRM).According to Sparrow 1998, recognising organisations need for multiple and parallel flexibilities especially in a time of increasing international competition and technological change is vital (Atkinson, 1987 Tsui et al., 1995).The proposed karyon components of HR strategy that PC should apply is high lighted in Appendix H, pickings into consideration the difference in nationality, culture and institutional factors, to enhance its organisation performance and build long-term competitive advantage. Notes to the Core ComponentsBased on Best Practice HRM, staffing need to be highly selective, performance on a regular basis and systematically assessed, teamwork orientated, autonomy and responsibility were encouraged (Huselid, 1995 MacDuffie, 1995 Delery and Doty, 1996).With the growth of PC business internationally, PC needs appropriate information to develop its HRM policies and practices through comparability cross-national dimension on an international perspective (Brewster et al., 1996 Clark et al., 1999 Kochan, Dyer, Batt, 1992), a business strategy to develop bigger market share one step onwards of its competitors.Cross-national HRM policies and practices are also influenced by both culture-bound variables such as national and organisational culture, institutions, industrial sector dynamics and culture-free variables such as age, size, nature, and life round of drinks stages of organisation (Brewster, 1995 Hofstede, 1993 Jackson Schuler, 1995 Sparrow, 1995). The degree and direction of influence of these factors varies from region to region (Jackson Schuler, 1995 Locke Thelen, 1995).Creating a global corporate culture requires a geocentric mindset, drawing off upon cultural capabilities that exist across the global operations and incorporating diverse cultural values and practices. Understanding HRM roles/strategies requires a contextual approach, underlining the importance of taking the institutional context into account (Paauwe, 2004). The table below shows the factors determining cross culture HRM practices.A detailed list of the subcomponents factors/variables in determining cross-national HRM is listed in Appendix I.The strategic importance of a unique, specific and valuable human capital for knowledge-intensive firm like PC would suggest a pr eference for employment internalisation (Matusik and Hill, 1998 Lepak and Snell, 1999).PC must actively seek creative death of its existing competencies to retain competitive advantage in the marketplace (Schumpter, 1934,1942) via an commensurate HRM policies and practices.The organisational competitiveness of PC will depends on its strength/capacity to define a unique set of resources where competitors find it hard to copy, which mobilized with the help of developed organisational and managerial systems that provide the organisation with a series of distinctive capacities that hold to generate long-term sustainable income (Fernndez Rodrguez, 1995).The process of continuous learning and registration of resource bundles for efficiency and effectiveness of strategies contribute to development of the organisations dynamic capabilities (global management capabilities difficult to imitate) to gain/sustain competitive advantage. (Teece,1988 Teece, Pisano Shuen, 1997).According to Ba rney (1991), if resources meet the following(a) elements, the firm earns a unique strategy profile which assist for international expansion.On the other hand, Behavioural Theory is based on the assumption that different strategies require different behaviours, attitudes and capabilities in workers (Schuler, 1987).According to this theory, HR practices do influence workers behaviour which results in improvements of organisational performance (Lawler,1986 Huselid, 1995 Becker, Huselid, Pickus Spratt, 1997 Guest, 1997Appelbaum et al., 2000 Takeuchi, 2003). This implies PC must implement a set of personnel practices consistent withthe organisations business strategy to build its international presence successfully (see below).When workers have positive perceptions, this will add-on their work commitment with the organisation, degree of involvement and their level of working satisfaction, which results in better performance for PC and talented workers can be kept up(p) for future pros pect.Developing a systematic approach of HR policies and practices consistent with business strategy can assist in the integration of business competitive advantage, where every possible source of competitive advantage need to be identified/utilised in facilitating the learning and knowledge transfer processes across units (Schuler et al. (1993427).A high performance work system (HPWS) practices is perceive by employees as organisations commitment (Batt, 2002). see Appendix JDefinitely with HPWS implemented in PC, it will be able to develop talented, motivated employees to meet organisations objective to achieve competitive advantage in the international arena (McDuffie (1995). By developing the necessary skills, knowledge and increasing motivation of employee contribution, PC can reflect the opportunities to realize economies of scale at the international level. With the rapid evolving technologies, this encourages PC to engage in innovation and continuous learning across its oper ation.According to Wright Snell (1991), a successful organisation should have motivated workers who are involved in the achievement of organisational objectives.Managers are responsible to create a more positive working environment where employees can flourish and increase their feelings of eudaemonia at work (Tehrani et al., 2007). Line managers are also responsible to drop by the wayside the HR practices and to ensure that the perception of support, trust, fairness and consistency are hold amongst employees.The biggest mistake unsuccessful global organisations make is to assume that there is one best way to structure HRM policies and practices. Trying to apply HRM principles that work rise in one environment may not lead to the same level of degree of success in another.ChallengesGlobalisation competition has become so intensify, HRM professionals require to optimise the skills, talent, creativity of every employee more effectively. Failure to do so will probably mean the orga nisation cannot compete in the flat world.Every aspect of HRM strategic can be influenced by cultural differences in one or more dimensions. Therefore, PC needs to understand the cultural differences and ensuring HRM and cultural orientation of workers are comply with one another without sacrificing efficiency.ConclusionTo be successful in the international marketplace, PC must ensure HR policies are fit with strategic international plan of the organisation and with the work-related values of foreign culture due to cross-national interaction.Total word count=2,593

Friday, March 29, 2019

What Is A Crime Scene Investigation

What Is A shame Scene investigationThe roles and duties of jurisprudence officeholders as offset printing answerers wickedness stage setting research workers as truth seekers argon rattling any all important(predicate)(p). Actions taken at the beginning of an investigation at a nuisance dead reckoning play a vital role in resolution a case. C beful and thorough investigation is the key to envision that capability natural testify is not tainted or destroyed or potential witnesses be not flattened (Reno, 2000). An important detailor influencing the eventual(prenominal) legal signifi keisterce of attest is that researchers follow an objective, thorough, and thoughtful approach. The goal of this extremity is to recognize and go on physical as authorized that result yield true information to aid in the investigation. Three main components of an investigation are physical indorse, interviewing and interrogation (Summerfield, 2005). Key words Police officers, investigations, potential raise, physical read, horror exposure, truth seekers, roles, duties, poop Amendment RightsWhat Is A detestation Scene Investigation?A curse guessing investigation is an examination of the prospect of a offence for either clues or evidence that may lead guard to a amusing. One tail think of a offensive guesswork as a piece of hi drool. The offence scene has a story to tell. The evidence provide retell the story with the right approach to probe the shame scene. Crime scene investigation is a slow and tireless process, but the methodology that collects perfect care as well tends to reveal important clues to the method, motive and suspect of the curse. CSI police detectives combine equity enforcement tactics with scientific experience in their work, and the way investigators do their jobs plays a big part in whether or not the police capture a suspect (Vaux, 2011). A wickedness scene is the beginning point of a in(predicate) or uns uccessful investigation. The main objectives of a crime scene are to preserve and collect relevant information and any physical evidence that go away entertain a connection between both parties involved. The start-off responders dispatched to the scene of a crime are unremarkably the save people who trance to view the crime scene forthwith after the crime took place, at its original state. The end result of the investigation is to ensure that justice is served (Thomas, 2011). Crime scene investigation consists of analyzing the scene of a specific crime in aim to determine what happened and provide clues as to the identity of the suspect. Several fundamental considerations come into play when managing a crime scene effectively. They carefully and consistently examined a crime scene to learn how and when the crime was committed, who committed it and why, and possibly what items may have been removed from the scene. Each investigation of a crime scene is different. The diff erences depend on where the crime is committed, how big the crime is, and the subject field of the crime. A number of procedures take place at a crime scene. While others depend upon the nature of the scene and the circumstances surrounding the crime, at that place are specific procedures that are always done. Crimes could be discovered by a witness who sees a crime in progress and reports it to the police, a dupe of the crime reports it to the police or the police discover the crime in progress. Police discovering the crime in progress is also cognise as a sting operation. These are situations where law enforcement agents set up a scenario and criminals are encouraged to commit crimes (Vaux, 2011). Once the investigation Officers has gathered all the information possible from a crime scene, they may empty it. After release, people great deal go back to using the localize as they normally would. The site may require specialized cleanup spot to remove dangerous substances, alo ng with the unsavory reminders of a crime, such as the smell of a decomposing body or damage caused by a fire (Smith, 2003).Roles and Duties of Police Officers as First RespondersThe certified first responder (CFR) profession was developed to address the lag between the time an throw happens and the arrival of an emergency medical exam technician, such as a paramedic. many certified first responders are trained firefighters, lifeguards, athletic trainers, police officers or park rangers (Thomas, 2011). Police Officers as first responders crime scene investigators and as truth seekers are the starting point of a crime scene investigation. Important information is discovered and collected to wait on solve the crime and seek the truth that surrounds the crime. The crime scene investigator at the scene first, gets an understanding of what the investigation depart entail, and construct a plan of natural process for locating and gathering evidence. Every crime scene is different howe ver, the crime scene investigator has to brand sure that all physical evidence is located and collected in a proper manner, record all pertinent information, secures the scene from contamination, and goes over what he or she thinks took place, and how and why it happened (Siegel, 2009). At a crime scene, the first responders other than onlookers are usually police officers, emergency medical technicians and depending on the situation, the fire department. The first responders dispatched to the scene of the crime are usually the ones who get to view the crime scene immediately after the crime first happened and at its original state. To get an precise draw and successful resolution in a criminal investigation, first responders at a crime scene moldiness maintain the tie in that connect the suspect to the victim and the crime scene (Thomas, 2011).Ensure guardThe first trade of the police officer as first responders is to ensure safety. As the first to arrive on the scene, they mu st make make sure that the victim or victims are safe, out of danger, and provided with the proper medical care. They also have to make sure the paramedics responding to the crime scene will treat the victim and take them to a nearby hospital for preaching if necessary. Another important duty is to separate the witness so that they can tell their stories without influencing each other (Cox, 2011). It is a very important duty for the police officer to secure the crime scene area so that no unauthorized persons can come in and interfere with the investigation. Crime scene surety perimeter measures has to be established by securing the crime scene area as soon as possible with restraint tape, police vehicles or other means to preserve the evidence and make sure that crime scene does not get contaminated (Thomas, 2011). discourse Victims and WitnessesInterviewing is one of the duties that give the investigating Officer the opportunity to get evidence and testimony that will help esta blish facts, identify potential suspects and potentially provide corroboration. Conduct a preliminary interview with onlookers and the victim, if possible, to determine if anyone can identify the person who committed the crime. At this time the attending officer will obtain a physical description of the suspect and train the victim to explain what happened to the best of their ability. Interviewing is divided into two viewpoints, witness and victim. few(prenominal) interviews have some common particles, but with differences based on on the individual circumstances. The interview should be conducted as near to the time of the crime as possible. The witness should be able to tell what happened without being interrupted. The victim should be interviewed with sensitivity and on a professional level (Summerfield, 2005). wangle the AreaAn officer is assigned as the crime scene security officer. He will keep a log of names of staff office entering and leaving the crime scene. Anyone e ntering the crime scene can contaminate the evidence that could possibly link the suspect to the crime scene, so sinless documentation and evidence preservation is essential (Thomas, 2011).Apprehend the mistrustfulWhile on duty, Police Officers will look for the person who committed the crime at the scene and make an arrest if the suspect is muted in the vicinity of the crime. They want to ensure that all responsible parties are held responsible for their actions. Suspects who are arrested for the crimes are usually booked into jail or cited and release (Hickey, 2003).Detain All Witnesses and OnlookersCollecting valuable information in the investigation, by interviewing people at the crime scene, is a duty that could help in apprehending the suspect. Witnesses usually have important information about the suspect and about what positively happened. Sometime the credibility may be an production in some cases with the information given but victims and suspects physical evidence in such a case will be very useful in connecting any missing link in the investigation (Thomas, 2011).Document the SceneThe responding Officer should used methods which consist of written notes which will be used in constructing a final report, crime scene photographs, and a diagram or sketch. The goal of the documentation is to create a visual record that will allow forensics lab and the prosecuting attorneys to recreate an accurate view of the scene. There should be a great consistency between each of these functions. Each method is important in the process of correctly documenting the crime scene. The notes and reports should be done in a chronological order and should not embarrass opinions, analysis, or conclusions. Just the facts The crime scene investigator should document only what they see, not what they think. The final report should tell a descriptive story. A general description of the crime scene should be given just as the investigator sees it when they do the initial go through of the scene (Byrd, 2000).Collect and Preserve EvidenceOnce the crime scene has been thoroughly documented by the investigating Officer and the locations of the evidence noted, and then the collection process can begin. The collection process usually starts with the collection of the most fragile or most easily scattered evidence. Special consideration can also be given to any evidence or objects which need to be moved. Collection can keep up along the crime scene trail or in some other logical manner. Photographs should also continue to be taken if the investigator is revealing layers of evidence which were not previously documented because they were hidden from jam (Schiro, 2011). Each type of evidence has a specific value in the investigation. The value of evidence should be kept in consideration when doing a crime scene investigation. It is also wise to collect more evidence at a crime scene than not to collect abounding evidence. The most should be made at the c rime scene, since an investigator has only one shot (Schiro, 2011). The reasons for the evidence collection is to organize the evidence that the investigator recovered from the scene, where the items where recovered from, and what part of the lab that the items were directed to (Byrd, 2011).Report to the take Crime Scene InvestigatorThis particular duty call for all events that took place, any adjustments or alterations made to the crime scene and all movements in and out the crime scene perimeter will be documented. need of accurate information, omissions, negligence, under or overemphasis in information can seriously damage the investigation and the outcome for a successful conclusion. An accurate account of what happened, without any addition or deletion is very important when communicating with the leading investigator (Thomas, 2011).The one-quarter Amendment RightsThe Fourth Amendment plays a very important role when it comes to individual rights. The most important word in the paygrade of The Fourth Amendment is the word warrant. The Amendment states The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, back up by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized, (Scalia, 2007). According to the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution, the elements are the 1.Oath or deposition made 2. Probable cause determined 3. Specific warrant issued and 4.The actual Search, arrest, seizure, and detainment. The order of these elements is important 1 and 2 should happen before 3, and 3 before 4. Properly conducted, a crime scene search can reveal evidence that allows investigators to reconstruct the crime and identify the perpetrator. Lawfully conducted, a crime scene search can aid in the successful prosecution of those responsible. To la wfully conduct a crime scene search, however, investigators must be extremely careful to follow the dictates of The Fourth Amendment (Crawford, 1999). Because officers under the lifelike stress and pressure of a crime scene may overlook the contents of The Fourth Amendment, law enforcement agencies should reinforce the need for warrants through policy. The fact that a crime was committed on the scene generally provides the indispensable probable cause for obtaining a search warrant. Moreover, forensic technicians and crime scene analysts can assist in meeting the particularity requirement of The Fourth Amendment by supplying a list of likely items of evidence to include on the warrant application. By developing policies that emphasize the need for warrants, law enforcement agencies can substantially increase the likelihood of successful prosecutions (Crawford, 1999). Officers can also search and seize objects on a person if the officer has situated the person under arrest. This e xception extends to situations in which the police in good-faith erroneously arrest the wrong suspect and seize contraband during the search. If a suspect, either during traffic stop or otherwise, makes a furtive gesture, the gesture justifies a limited warrantless police intrusion (Wheatly, 2007). When Police Officer obtain a warrant before conducting a search, the warrant must comply with the Fourth Amendment before evidence from the search will be admissible in court. A warrant may be defective if it is not support by probable cause that is established by a detailed, verbalize statement made by a law enforcement officer be before a magistrate (Fairlex, 2011).ConclusionPolice officers as first responders require considerable knowledge. They have a great responsibility when being the first person on a crime scene. They have to make sure that the victims are safe and the suspect is apprehended, and that each of their Constitutional Rights are in place. Processing a crime scene is a very lengthened and thorough process. Investigators will spend hours, and sometimes days, documenting the crime scene and its form and collecting all the physical evidence that is present in an try out to discover what crime was committed and who committed it. All crime scenes, bodies of evidence and fact-finding techniques are unique in their own right. The Criminal nicety System wants to convict the guilty, while protecting the innocent. As with any element of our society it is essential that we have in place some organization for validating conclusions and assumptions to ensure fairness and justice are preserved. Even our dodge of government has seen the wisdom in a system of checks and balances to ensure no single force can dominate without a consensus. Our law enforcement investigative process should do no less. By ensuring all elements of an investigation are fully explored and considered, this can be achieved (McFadden, D.).

Examining The Friendship Of A Single Soul English Literature Essay

Examining The Friendship Of A Single Soul English literary convergenceions EssayTo the query, what is a friend? Aristotles response was a exclusive individual rest home in devil bodies. These friends atomic number 18 the ones who most likely flummox it off us better than we know ourselves, and whose names atomic number 18 forever mark on our heart (Parrott Parrott, 1998). Consider for a mo custodyt, which of these people ar in your lifespan your companionship with them didnt happen in the blink of an eye. Over sequence we gradually begin to let these people see who we really ar, and our familiarity begins to grow into something memorable. Friends are what have enriched my life. Oh, I have loved my family, scarce its not the same. Friends have brought me more of the world theyve added spice and variety (Apter Josselson, 1998). We are born into our family, but one amazing thing approximately our life is that we have the ability to need our friends. There are some public characteristics that span across all types of fellowships rules shape the friendship, stick out last a life eon and typically consist of people in the same age range (Floyd, 2009). How are cross-sex friendships similar to same-sex friendships? How are they different? Using major(ip) motion pictures that depict this remarkable bond surrounded by friends, we realize the qualities these friendships hump that make them similar and yet how different they really are.SimilaritiesNotice that when Aristotle was asked, what is a friend? he didnt respond a single soul dwelling in ii female bodies, or devil male bodies, or even a male and a female body, its a single soul in two bodies. Friendship has no limits there is no rule that says we can or cannot have friends of the same or pivotal sex. Regardless of how many friends we have, same-sex or cross-sex, they all share the same purpose. individually(prenominal) and e precise relationship provides comfort during difficult time s, pop outlets for expression of fear, feelings and fantasies, companionship, acceptance, and greater self-knowledge (Monsour, 2002).In the movie The sistership of the Traveling Pants, Brid wee, Tibby, Lena, and Carwork force define friendship as it occurs between girls/wo manpower. We were there for the things we couldnt face alone, or the ones we didnt want to face at all. Together, it was as if we formed one single, complete person (Ephron Brashares, 2005). Despite the obstacles that the girls face, their love and book for separately some other keeps their friendship strong.We know now that no egress how far we traveled on our own separate paths, somehow wewould constantly find our mien back to severally other and with that, we could get through and through anything. To us, who we were, who we are, and who well be. To the sisterhood, this mo handst, and the rest of our lives together and apart (Ephron Brashares, 2005).Although the girls have their own obstacles to gal vanic pile with, they overcome them individually because of the unique bond that is their friendship.Likewise, the movie 8 Seconds tells the incredulous true story of cosmea Champion Bull Rider highway Frost. The film not only documents paths rise to fame, but also displays Lanes friendship with fellow bull riders, Tuff Hedeman and Cody Lambert. Some people believe that men are incapable of having intimate friendships like women with other men (Derlega, 1992). Floyd (2009) states that correspond levels of closeness are apparent in same-sex friendships regardless of sex. While doing an question with George Michael, Lane says this about friend and fellow rider, Tuff Hedeman me and my traveling assistant Tuff Hedeman have been trading places all year. Sometimes hes in first, undermentioned calendar week Im in first. If he wins, Ill be so cheerful for him, Ill forget about myself losing (Merrick, 1994). Lane, Tuff, and Cody arent unsloped traveling buddies they backup each o ther no matter what, despite the fact that they compete against each other. later on Lanes tragic death in 1989, Tuff realized how untold Lane believed in him, and how amazing the friendship truly was. Back in the spring, Lane said, this is your year. that Id win the championship now its only a week away and I really think that I got a chance. I never had anybody believe that much in me (Merrick, 1994). Tuff Hedeman won the World Championship that year, average as Lane had predicted, and Tuff rode an extra octette seconds in memory of Lane. annoy Burns and gap Albright are two iconic best friends. Harry The first time we met, we hated each other the third time we met, we became friends. snap We were friends for a long time (Ephron N. , 1989). Can men and women be friends, without sex getting in the way? This question was presented in the 1989 movie, When Harry Met Sally. Despite the fact that Harry and Sally end up together at the conclusion of the film, the friendship they have is more than that of any ordinary couple involved in a sexual relationship. Making a cross-gender relationship work does not just depend on recognizing our deflections. Its a matter of appreciating those differences as well (Parrott Parrott, 1998). Harry and Sally have a friendship genuinely similar to what two women or two men might have they are each others confidantes, support systems, and are committed to making their friendship work.After smell at ternary different films depicting friendships, the similarities between same-sex (female), same-sex (male), and cross-sex friendships become apparent. The accessible support given by same-sex friends can also be find in cross-sex friendships (Monsour, 2002). Samuel Taylor Coleridge said, friendship is a sheltering tree, regardless of sex, it is obvious that all of these friendships are exactly that a sheltering tree for everyone involved in the friendship.DifferencesWe cant just think at the similarities between friendsh ips, because lets face it, men and women are very different. The basic rules of friendship are similar, but the way we go about accomplishing them isnt always the same. Migliaccio (2009) says that a mans friendship is more than simply a product of being a man the form of intimacy men experience is called closeness in the doing, also cognise as shared activity. women and men value different aspects of their respective friendships, women place greater emphasis on conversational and emotional expressiveness, whereas mens friendships focus on shared activities and interests (Floyd, 2009). A stereotypical girls night might consist of dinner, some drinks, and conversations about friends, love, life, and the future. On the other hand, a guys night could be a support of poker or a night at the gym playing a pick-up game of basketball.Within female friendship we satisfy our psychological lust to research different thoughts and feelings they build one anothers confidence or tear it e laborate (Apter Josselson, 1998). Despite having to spend the summer away from each other, the girls in The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants keep their friendship strong by pen letters to each other as if they were still together. In a letter that Lena writes Carmen, she expresses how afraid she actually is to fall in love.Hes right, Car. I am afraid. Theres a part of me that wants to let him in but then I feelmyself put this wall up and I dont understand why. perchance thats what strikes me most about Kostas that despite everything hes suffered he can still look at life in the most uncomplicated way. Ive never known that kind of faith. It makes me so sad that people like Kostas and Bridget who have muddled everything can still be open to lovewhile I, who have lost nothing, am not. (Ephron Brashares, 2005)Bridget, Tibby, Lena, and Carmen are able to express their emotions, fears, and feelings through a letter and a pair of secondhand jeans. Wear them, theyll make you brave (Ep hron Brashares, 2005). The psychological hunger to examine ones ambitions, and emotions is satisfied by female friendships, there is no extremity to perform femininity such as men perform masculinity in their friendships. A womans friendship inevitably shapes and assortments who the woman is (Apter Josselson, 1998).Unlike women, men stereotypically dont share all the intimate details that go on in their lives. As stated earlier, men generally emphasize the activities and interests they share with their friends. Lane Frost, Tuff Hedeman, and Cody Lambert, obviously have a friendship consisting of shared activity. outset of all, they compete together in bull riding competitions and when they arent, they spend their nights out at the bars shooting a game of pool. Although the guys still support each other, the emotional connection that typically is apparent with women is sometimes nonexistent. After a bull steps on Lanes groin, Tuff tells Lane he needs to cowboy up, Ive got two words for you Lane, Cowboy Up (Merrick, 1994). The sentiment that masculinity is a major part in friendships between two or more men is evident in 8 Seconds. The interaction between male friends is not simply because we are men, but a part of performing masculinity in society (Migliaccio, 2009). Lane, Tuff, and Cody, perform masculinity by expressing boldness, strength, and resiliency. Its guts and love and glory, one mortals chance at fame. His legacy is rodeo, and cowboy is his name (Merrick, 1994).When Harry met Sally, a life long friendship began. The obvious difference in their friendship was the exact thing Sally denied sex, and eventually love. At the end of the film, Harry races to meet Sally in order to tell her exactly how he feelsI love that you get cold when its 71 degrees out. I love that it takes you an hour and a one-half toorder a sandwich. I love that you get a piddling crinkle above your nose when youre looking at me like Im nuts. I love that after I spend the day with you, I can still smell your perfume on my clothes. And I love that you are the last person I want to talk to before I go to sleep at night (Ephron N. , 1989).One substantial difference between same-sex friends and cross-sex friends is the possibility for two cross-sex friends to fall in love. Another is that cross-sex friends are able to encourage the opposite sex friend to engage in opportunities that are usually associated with the opposed gender such as men engaging in emotional expressions and women participating in shared activity (Floyd, 2009).ConclusionQuoting Frederick Buechner, Friends are people you make part of your life just because you feel like it. Basically your friends are not your friends for any event reason. They are your friends for no particular reason. No one has the power to choose our friends except us, therefore it doesnt matter what sex our friends are. After viewing three movies where different types of friendships are exhibited, the similaritie s and differences between each type of friendship is very distinct. These distinct qualities that make our friendships alike or not, have the power to change the roles of our friends. Who are your best friends? Does it matter what their sex is?

Thursday, March 28, 2019

Achieving Democracy and Equality Essay -- A Social Power Analysis of D

This paper shows why both democracy and personifyity be desirable, and why democracy, in its true sense, is an important step to achieve great equality. There atomic number 18 many reasons why governmental philosophers need to expression beyond the one person, one vote conception of democracy to go steady why such theories have allowed social and economic inequality to track to exist. While many democracies do not live up to our expectations in regards to providing equality, there are explanations for this and methods of overcoming such problems.Is equality desirable?The branch function to consider is whether equality is desirable, and if so, what kinds of equality are desirable. For example, should young children have equal voting rights? The consensus around this issue in most democracies is that there is an fester where children should not be able to vote (even if there is disagreement on exactly what the age should be). However, it does not follow that it is permissibl e for children to be discriminated against by the law because they are unable to vote. To determine whether equality is, in the first instance, desirable we must consider what is meant by the term equality.Equality is often considered to be important exclusively within a designated demos. This is important because it facilitates an on-going conversation and reflection on individual preferences. The laws created by the demos are seen as binding upon them. This is partially where our obligation to follow the laws of the government arises because we voted them in and are bound by the social contract. Of course, there will always be questions as to the legitimacy of laws and what obliges the disenfranchised minority to follow the laws of the majority. However, when there has been... ...om.au/ handicraft/a-snip-at-22m-to-get-rid-of-pm-20110201-1acgj.html.Green, P. (1985). Retrieving democracy in search of civic equality. Totowa, N.J., Rowman & Allanheld.Internet Encyclopedia of Phil osophy. (2011). Jeremy Bentham. Retrieved November 3, 2011, from http//www.iep.utm.edu/bentham/.Megalogenis, G. (2010). lower-ranking Pursuit Leadership and the End of the Reform Era. Quarterly Essay(40) 1-83. 40. Retrieved 2010 from http//search.informit.com.au/documentSummarydn=586827778419771res=IELHSS.Myers, J. C. (2010). The administration of equality an introduction. London New York New York, Zed Books Distributed in the ground forces exclusively by Palgrave Macmillan.Singer, P. (1973). Democracy and disobedience. Oxford, Clarendon Press.Verba, S. and N. H. Nie (1972). Participation in America political democracy and social equality. New York, Harper & Row.

Wednesday, March 27, 2019

seatbelt :: essays research papers

Internet lodge Sharing and the Music IndustryImagine millions of songs accessible in wizard place. Today songs are just a few clicks away since the foot of the internet and file sharing. File sharing is simply taking a file and allowing other internet users to download and use the file permanently. The handiness and use of file sharing course of studys has devastated the music industry financially. The fact that close every song recorded today is accessible through a free program encourages close consumers to download rather than buy. This is why unlawful file sharing programs are driving the music industrys profits down. The making of MP3s allows internet users to share and distribute songs right away and easily. The letters MP are short for MPEG, which stands for Moving Picture Experts Group. The 3 stands for the third compression method that Dr. Karlkeinz Brandenburg, at the Frainhofer Institute, developed. Ripping or sunburn is taking an original song or songs from a CD or other music source and compressing it to the small MP3 format. This method ingeniously removes all of the sounds and frequencies that the human ear cannot hear to eventually end up with a file that is about one tenth of the original sizing yet lack no noticeable quality (PC flesh out 688-693). straightaway that the file is compressed, it is ready to do m any(prenominal) new things that it could not do before. One of these is to be transferred over the internet. The conflict that arises from this is when people compress secure music into the MP3 format and make it available to anyone on the internet (PC Complete 694). This is called file sharing, and it is a major topic of debate among the recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), who seeks total control of its copyrighted material.The most popular form of exchanging music on the internet is known as file sharing. File sharing occurs after the music has been converted to smaller MP3 format. The smaller format allows the files to be downloaded, transferred, or copied in just a matter of seconds. The most popular file sharing program until a couple of years ago was Napster. Napster was a file sharing program that essentially gave birth to the file sharing industry. A federal typeface was filed against Napster for copyright violation. The federal court ruled Napster must remove any copyrighted material that had previously been available.

Thomas Edison :: essays research papers

Edison, Thomas Alva, American inventor, whose development of a operable electric light bulb, electric generating scheme, sound-recording device, and motion picture projector had profound effect on the shaping of modern society. Edison was born in Milan, Ohio, on February 11, 1847. He attended school for only three months, in Port Huron, Michigan. When he was 12 years old he began selling newspapers on the special K Trunk Railway, devoting his spare time mainly to experimentation with printing presses and with galvanic and mechanical apparatus. The train left Port Huron about 700 in the morning and returned at 900 or 930 at night. The trip included a six-hour layover in Detroit, during which time he claims to come read "the entire public library." He was an omnivorous reviewer and loved to experiment with chemicals and machinery. He constantly wanted to investigate how things worked and desire to see if he could make things better. On the train he was allowed a table i n an empty baggage car on which to work. He even brought a broken printing press, repaired it and taught himself to print. He may have produced the first newspaper printed on a moving train. Edison began noticing a deviation of hearing around this time, which increased throughout his feeling. In 1862 he promulgated a weekly, kn declare as the Grand Trunk Herald, printing it in a freight car that also served as his laboratory. For saving the life of a station officials child, he was rewarded by being taught telegraphy. While on the job(p) as a telegraph operator, he made his first outstanding invention, a telegraphic repeating instrument that enabled messages to be transmitted mechanically over a second line without the presence of an operator.Edison next secured concern in Boston and devoted all his spare time there to research. He invented a vote recorder that, although possessing many merits, was not sufficiently practical to warrant its adoption. He also devised and partly completed a stock-quotation printer. Later, while employed by the Gold and Stock Telegraph come with of New York City he greatly improved their apparatus and service. By the sale of telegraphic appliances, Edison earned $40,000, and with this money he established his own laboratory in 1876. Afterward he devised an automatic telegraph system that made possible a greater speed and range of transmission. Edisons crowning(a) achievement in telegraphy was his invention of machines that made possible simultaneous transmission of several messages on one line and thus greatly increased the usefulness of existing telegraph lines.

Tuesday, March 26, 2019

The New Immigration in American History :: American America History

The New Immigration in American History In 1886 the statue of Liberty Enlightening the World, a enduefrom the people of France, was dedicated by President Grover Cleveland. Set at the adit to New York, the statue was just in time to greet thebiggest migration in world-wide history. Between 1880 and World War I, about 22 million men, women, andchildren entered the unite States. More than a million arrived in eachof the years 1905, 1906, 1907, 1910, 1913, and 1914. not everyone had to travel in steerage. Passengers who couldafford the expense paid for first- or second-class quarters. Upon arrivalthese immigrants were examined by courteous officials who boarded theships at anchor. But those in steerage were sent to a holding center fora full personal and mental examination. The facility at Ellis Islandwhich opened in 1892 could solve up to 5,000 people a day. On some daysbetween 1905 and 1914 it had to process more than 10,000 immigrants a day. Many arrivals had left their homelands to escape mobs who attackedthem because of their ethnicity, religion, or politics. The German,Russian, Austro-Hungarian, and whiff (Turkish) empires ruled over many disparate peoples and nationalities and often cruelly maltreat them. Until 1899, U.S. immigration officials asked arrivals which nationthey had left, not their religion or ancestry. So ladened people werelisted under the countries from which they fled. Armenians who escapedfrom Turkey were recorded as Turks, and Jews who had been over fix by mobsin Russia were listed as Russians. This so called new immigration was different in many other waysfrom previous immigration. For the first time, Catholic an Jewishimmigrants outnumbered Protestants, and still other arrivals were Muslims,Buddhists, or Greek or Russian Orthodox church members. Until 1897, 90 percent of all overseas immigrants had come fromProtestant northern and western Europe. Many of these nation s haddemocratic traditions and education systems. point among the poor, manyhad spent a a couple of(prenominal) years in school day or had acquired some industrial skills onthe job, and more than a few spoke English. Many of these men and womensettled in agriculture regions of the untied States.

Are Blacks Too Cool For The We :: essays research papers

Do less blacks than their fellow white the Statesns use the net? According to the church bench Study on Internet Usage , the answer is yes, unless this instruction is also quick to point out that it&8217s not yet color, it&8217s a mixture of things. However, according to Leonce Gaiter , author of Is the tissue too Cool for Blacks, &8220the web mocks&8230our fundamental beliefs, our core desires. (p 643) Gaiter categorically states that the majority of white Americans pay off an ignorance for black culture. He does not train the time to address the other legitimate reasons accounting for the black deficiency, but continues to rattle on about prejudice and racism, not even tenia to document proper sources. Have morals and values changed in America and left blacks behind? According to Gaiter, the web can&8217t sustain us achieve our &821650&8217s and &821660&8217s ideals (p 643). Blacks even so regard the traditional &8220American Dream. Well, what is the &8220traditional Am erican Dream? Perhaps, the dream is to have a nice car and house, and a good job. But in contrast to Gaiter, I believe that these are the same things we want today. null has changed except for the fact that entrepreneurs have emerged with the growth of the Web. People are determination ways to make money from avenues they never dreamed of. The &8220American Dream as we know it has not vanished or been left behind, it has simply been revised to intromit family time and personal goals.Although racism has decreased in society today, it serene is a threat to getting state on the Web. Nowadays, blacks are not the only if one being discriminated against-it&8217s all minorities. In studies conducted, of the online community, only 23% are non-white. Because of this, non-whites are uncomfortable with the fact that they may colloquy with those who under normal circumstances would show prejudice against them. President Clinton verbalize that his goal was to have a computer in every t heatre by the end of his term. But how many people will want to access the web if it is considered &8220white? Gaiter stated that the web is considered &8220white and then people stay away to avoid trouble, even if they are offered the opportunity. The only problem that Leonce Gaiter did not fully address is economics. With the amount of people on government assistance growing everyday, economics poses as a big problem. Studies have shown that of the majority of those who do not use the web at least 35% were at an economic disadvantage.

Monday, March 25, 2019

The Desert :: essays research papers

The hu gay heart non precisely supplies life but it withal represents feelings and emotions. In the Desert uses discriminating imagery to paint a vivid picture while withal using point of view and symbolism to send a content about human emotion and feelings. Although this poesy is brief it contains a really powerful point about the human heart and emotions.     This poem appears to be written by a person that has just lost a be fill outdd one, although this poem does not seem to be about death. The poem opens with the image of a "naked" beast only when in a "desert". This paints an interesting image in the mind of the reader, but it also has a deeper meaning. This "beast" of a man was deserted and left alone by someone that he was obviously deeply in roll in the hay with. He has lost all direction and purpose in his life. The fountain uses the point of view of the speaker to show just how pathetic this dick is. The speaker feel s bad for the beast and attempts to speak to it, seemingly out of pity. He even calls the hopeless animal his "friend". This leads me to believe that maybe the creature is just an extension of the speaker, the part of him that cannot let go of an important love.      In the Desert is a poem that is symbolic of the way people fight when their "hearts are broken". The heart, in this instance, represents love and happiness. When the man loses this love he feels as though his heart has been wrenched from his chest and devoured by a monster (that represents his current emotional state). The man is broken, battered and left to stand for himself. He is also filled with resentment and anger as is make evident by his "bitter-bitter" heart. This whole scenario represents the dependence of man on the love of another and his state of total denial and sadness when it is taken from him. The only beam of hope that I could find in this poem is when the man says that he likes his heart despite its bitterness.

Character Reference Letter for a Friend :: Business Character Reference Letters

Character Reference letter for a FriendThe purpose is to provide a character origin for Bob Simmons whom I have known as a classmate, roommate, and booster shot for a period of six years. I first met Bob our fledgeling year at State College. We were studying an arts program thither and became acquainted through a number of classes that we shared. By the second year, we had turn over friends and decided to live together in an off-campus apartment. We shared that aliveness organization until we graduated last year. Having gotten to know Bob over the past a couple of(prenominal) years, puts me in a position to provide you with a pretty faultless assessment of his character. As a student, Bob was hard-working and highly committed to his statement and grades. I believe that his excellent transcripts will attest to that fact. In addition, he was involved in a number of extra-curricular activities including the track and field team and the school newspaper. In his last two years h e was participator Editor of the Campus Times. He was always outgoing, willing to help soulfulness out, and was very popular with his fellow students. As a roommate, Bob was a great choice. He was very neat and tidy at every last(predicate) times and he liked things in the apartment to be kept orderly. He made a point of cleaning his own room and the common living areas on a regular basis. He socialise occasionally at home but was always respectful of my needs, and he and his guests kept the noise down and ended their activities at a honest hour. As a friend, Bob is as good as they come. He is loyal, honest, respectful, and supportive, and has the ability to see and understand things from another persons perspective, not just his own. He is a great direct communicator and knows how to raise and discuss common living issues and problems in a non-threatening manner. He is hyper-sensitive and is always tuned into how the person might intuitive feeling in a given situation.